Modern instrumentation systems based on digital signals are very sensitive to any noise and signal distortion due to noise, for high frequency (hf) switching.
Therefore it is necessary to use modern wiring techniques and better quality cables to achieve a better solution. The following are noise-coupling techniques:
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Conductive coupling(common impedance)
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Capacitive coupling(electric field)
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Inductive coupling(magnetic field)
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Radiative coupling(electromagnetic)
Conductive coupling:
When a common junction/wiring is shared by two circuits, such as a common return path, then noise or interference occurs. This could be intentional for grounding or could be from undesired leakage between the two circuits.
Current in one circuit may appear as noise in the other circuit and depends on the prevalent impedance value. Thus any ground potential at various locations in the plant.
These can happen even if the receiving tool has elevated prevalent mode rejection (CMR) and the shield is not terminated or terminated properly at two points giving rise to a ground loop.
Capacitive coupling:
In all portions, such as between the insulated conductors, there is capacitance. Any shift in voltage regardless of place will attempt to push a current through the different possible coupling capacities in the circuits, as a circuit shown below:
Due to capacitance coupling, the duration of two parallel wirings will boost the noise (particularly during hf switching). It is more prone to high-impedance circuits.
Inductive coupling:
There might be many closed loops with mutual inductance, which is proportional to a closed-loop area, as shown in:
There is a transformer impact that applies similarly to a DC circuit whenever its current is disrupted or periodically shifts (E 1⁄4 M dI / dT). This coupling increases the function of the coupling conductors ’ length and decreases function to their range.
Radiative coupling:
The circuit / loop path within the interfering source’s electromagnetic radiation profile. The voltage from these field pairs is normally prevalent mode voltage.
This coupling is proportional to the loop area and frequency. Even though these frequencies may be much higher than the control circuits, they still cause harmonic interferences.