# Latest **URL:** https://forumautomation.com/latest.md?page=1 [Latest](https://forumautomation.com/latest.md) · [Categories](https://forumautomation.com/categories.md) · [Tags](https://forumautomation.com/tags.md) **Page:** 2 --- ## [is it possible to draw long time curve or calculate it manually? if it possible, could you please share the calculation?](https://forumautomation.com/t/is-it-possible-to-draw-long-time-curve-or-calculate-it-manually-if-it-possible-could-you-please-share-the-calculation/12855)
**Author:** [@NicholasDeo](https://forumautomation.com/u/NicholasDeo)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [November 26, 2024, 1:49pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/is-it-possible-to-draw-long-time-curve-or-calculate-it-manually-if-it-possible-could-you-please-share-the-calculation/12855 "2024-11-26T13:49:49Z")
is it possible to draw long time curve or calculate it manually? if it possible, could you please share the calculation? --- ## [Why does Transformer Impedance important so much during a Fault?](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-does-transformer-impedance-important-so-much-during-a-fault/14532)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 23, 2026, 1:00pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-does-transformer-impedance-important-so-much-during-a-fault/14532 "2026-10-23T13:00:56Z")
Why does Transformer Impedance important so much during a Fault? A transformer may be rated for hundreds of MVA, but its short-circuit impedance plays a critical role in determining the fault current. During a short … --- ## [Why does a Healthy 3-Phase System Have Positive Sequence?](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-does-a-healthy-3-phase-system-have-positive-sequence/14531)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 23, 2026, 12:42pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-does-a-healthy-3-phase-system-have-positive-sequence/14531 "2026-10-23T12:42:20Z")
Why does a Healthy 3-Phase System Have Positive Sequence? In a balanced three-phase power system, the three phase currents have equal magnitudes, a 120° phase displacement, and the correct phase rotation. This is known a… --- ## [What are the different types of intrinsically safe barriers?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-different-types-of-intrinsically-safe-barriers/14489)
**Author:** [@Instrument\_Engineer](https://forumautomation.com/u/Instrument_Engineer)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [October 22, 2026, 4:54pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-different-types-of-intrinsically-safe-barriers/14489 "2026-10-22T16:54:03Z")
What are the different types of intrinsically safe barriers? --- ## [What are the common causes of control valve failure?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-common-causes-of-control-valve-failure/14487)
**Author:** [@Instrument\_Engineer](https://forumautomation.com/u/Instrument_Engineer)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [October 22, 2026, 4:52pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-common-causes-of-control-valve-failure/14487 "2026-10-22T16:52:40Z")
What are the common causes of control valve failure? --- ## [What is Modbus TCP/IP?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-modbus-tcp-ip/14492)
**Author:** [@Instrument\_Engineer](https://forumautomation.com/u/Instrument_Engineer)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [October 22, 2026, 4:50pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-modbus-tcp-ip/14492 "2026-10-22T16:50:26Z")
What is Modbus TCP/IP? --- ## [Resistance measurement; 2, 3 or 4 wire connection – How does it work and which to use?](https://forumautomation.com/t/resistance-measurement-2-3-or-4-wire-connection-how-does-it-work-and-which-to-use/10459)
**Author:** [@Ajmal\_ismail](https://forumautomation.com/u/Ajmal_ismail)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [June 6, 2022, 6:01am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/resistance-measurement-2-3-or-4-wire-connection-how-does-it-work-and-which-to-use/10459 "2022-06-06T06:01:08Z")
What is 2 wire RTD? A single wire connects each end of the RTD element in a two-wire RTD. It’s the simplest wire arrangement. The computed resistance will encompass all elements of the circuit, implying a higher margin … --- ## [Cable Testing for HV, MV and LV](https://forumautomation.com/t/cable-testing-for-hv-mv-and-lv/14530)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 21, 2026, 4:11pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/cable-testing-for-hv-mv-and-lv/14530 "2026-10-21T16:11:15Z")
Cable Testing for HV, MV and LV 1). LV Cables – Common Tests Visual inspection and installation verification. Continuity test. Insulation Resistance (IR) test. Conductor resistance test. Polarity verification. Phase… --- ## [Voltage Unbalance Protection (ANSI 60)](https://forumautomation.com/t/voltage-unbalance-protection-ansi-60/14529)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 21, 2026, 4:00pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/voltage-unbalance-protection-ansi-60/14529 "2026-10-21T16:00:56Z")
Voltage Unbalance Protection (ANSI 60) Purpose: To detect blown PT fuses, unbalanced loads, and phase failures. Method 1: NEMA Formula % Unbalance = (Maximum deviation from Vavg / Vavg) × 100% Example Given: Vab = 415… --- ## [How do transmission lines carry low current but high voltage?](https://forumautomation.com/t/how-do-transmission-lines-carry-low-current-but-high-voltage/12225)
**Author:** [@NicholasDeo](https://forumautomation.com/u/NicholasDeo)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 28, 2024, 3:18pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/how-do-transmission-lines-carry-low-current-but-high-voltage/12225 "2024-06-28T15:18:24Z")
How do transmission lines carry low current but high voltage? --- ## [Motor Protection](https://forumautomation.com/t/motor-protection/14524)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 20, 2026, 8:36am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/motor-protection/14524 "2026-10-20T08:36:39Z")
Motor Protection Motor protection systems are essential to keep electric motors running safely, efficiently, and reliably. They help prevent damage, downtime, and costly repairs by detecting abnormal conditions early. P… --- ## [How to Read an Inverter Data Sheet?](https://forumautomation.com/t/how-to-read-an-inverter-data-sheet/14523)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 20, 2026, 8:24am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/how-to-read-an-inverter-data-sheet/14523 "2026-10-20T08:24:58Z")
How to Read an Inverter Data Sheet? When selecting an inverter for an off-grid solar power system, don’t focus only on the rated power in watts. Understanding the electrical specifications is essential for choosing the r… --- ## [What is the common problem in a control valve?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-the-common-problem-in-a-control-valve/13675)
**Author:** [@Instrument\_Engineer](https://forumautomation.com/u/Instrument_Engineer)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [October 20, 2026, 4:12am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-the-common-problem-in-a-control-valve/13675 "2026-10-20T04:12:15Z")
What is the common problem in a control valve? --- ## [Industrial Control Panel](https://forumautomation.com/t/industrial-control-panel/14521)
**Author:** [@TSRS](https://forumautomation.com/u/TSRS)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 20, 2026, 4:08am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/industrial-control-panel/14521 "2026-10-20T04:08:13Z")
Industrial Control Panel An industrial control panel integrates all the essential components required to monitor, control, and protect industrial processes. Power Supply Units (AC/DC) – Provide stable power to PLCs, s… --- ## [PLC Output Types: Transistor vs. Relay](https://forumautomation.com/t/plc-output-types-transistor-vs-relay/14520)
**Author:** [@TSRS](https://forumautomation.com/u/TSRS)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 20, 2026, 4:04am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/plc-output-types-transistor-vs-relay/14520 "2026-10-20T04:04:22Z")
PLC Output Types: Transistor vs. Relay PLC Output Types: Transistor vs. Relay Transistor Outputs: High-speed switching for PWM and pulse signals. Long service life with no mechanical contact wear. Designed for … --- ## [What is IP rating ? Why to use IP rating?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-ip-rating-why-to-use-ip-rating/1014)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [April 28, 2016, 12:31am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-ip-rating-why-to-use-ip-rating/1014 "2016-04-28T00:31:48Z")
IP rating - When designing a system we need to make certain the product selected is reliable with a long life.Part of that process is determining if the product is appropriate for the application environment. But what a… --- ## [Current Divider Rule](https://forumautomation.com/t/current-divider-rule/14510)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 16, 2026, 12:07pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/current-divider-rule/14510 "2026-10-16T12:07:06Z")
Current Divider Rule The Current Divider Rule is used to calculate how the total current is distributed among parallel branches. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch remains the same, while the current … --- ## [Voltage Divider Rule](https://forumautomation.com/t/voltage-divider-rule/14509)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 16, 2026, 11:53am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/voltage-divider-rule/14509 "2026-10-16T11:53:25Z")
The Voltage Divider Rule is used to calculate the voltage drop across individual resistors connected in series. In a series circuit, the same current flows through all resistors, while the supply voltage is divided amon… --- ## [What effect do derechos have on power distribution systems?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-effect-do-derechos-have-on-power-distribution-systems/12212)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [June 25, 2024, 4:25pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-effect-do-derechos-have-on-power-distribution-systems/12212 "2024-06-25T16:25:18Z")
Effect of Derechos on Power Distribution Systems Derechos, that are widespread, long-lived windstorms accompanied with bands of quickly moving showers (or) thunderstorms, can have serious consequences for power distribut… --- ## [Difference between EMF and Voltage](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-emf-and-voltage/14507)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2026, 3:57pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-emf-and-voltage/14507 "2026-10-15T15:57:24Z")
Difference between EMF and Voltage EMF (Electromotive Force) and voltage are both measured in volts (V), but they represent different electrical concepts. EMF is the energy supplied by a source per unit charge while … --- ## [4-20 mA to Percentage (%) Conversion Chart](https://forumautomation.com/t/4-20-ma-to-percentage-conversion-chart/14506)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2026, 3:51pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/4-20-ma-to-percentage-conversion-chart/14506 "2026-10-15T15:51:53Z")
4-20 mA to Percentage (%) Conversion Chart --- ## [Do solar power plants affect the transmission network?](https://forumautomation.com/t/do-solar-power-plants-affect-the-transmission-network/13494)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [August 29, 2025, 12:45pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/do-solar-power-plants-affect-the-transmission-network/13494 "2025-08-29T12:45:42Z")
Yes, solar power plants have an impact on the transmission network, positively as well as negatively, based on their size, location & level of integration. Positive Effects Reduced Transmission Losses When solar plants … --- ## [What is Arc Flash Analysis?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-arc-flash-analysis/14505)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2026, 3:38pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-arc-flash-analysis/14505 "2026-10-15T15:38:53Z")
What is Arc Flash Analysis? An arc flash occurs when an electrical fault causes current to flow through the air gap between conductors or between a conductor and ground. The resulting electrical arc releases intense … --- ## [Difference between Varistors and Thermistors](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-varistors-and-thermistors/14504)
**Author:** [@Rabert](https://forumautomation.com/u/Rabert)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2026, 3:35pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-varistors-and-thermistors/14504 "2026-10-15T15:35:35Z")
Difference between Varistors and Thermistors Thermistors and varistors are important components used in electronic circuits, but they respond to different electrical conditions. Understanding their characteristics helps … --- ## [What are the steps involved in planning a wirelessHART network?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-steps-involved-in-planning-a-wirelesshart-network/14488)
**Author:** [@Instrument\_Engineer](https://forumautomation.com/u/Instrument_Engineer)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2026, 4:06am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-steps-involved-in-planning-a-wirelesshart-network/14488 "2026-10-15T04:06:22Z")
What are the steps involved in planning a wirelessHART network? --- ## [What are the requirements for intrinsically safe?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-requirements-for-intrinsically-safe/14490)
**Author:** [@Instrument\_Engineer](https://forumautomation.com/u/Instrument_Engineer)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2026, 4:03am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-requirements-for-intrinsically-safe/14490 "2026-10-15T04:03:52Z")
What are the requirements for intrinsically safe? --- ## [What can I do to troubleshoot Modbus communication failure?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-can-i-do-to-troubleshoot-modbus-communication-failure/14491)
**Author:** [@Instrument\_Engineer](https://forumautomation.com/u/Instrument_Engineer)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2026, 4:00am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-can-i-do-to-troubleshoot-modbus-communication-failure/14491 "2026-10-15T04:00:41Z")
What can I do to troubleshoot Modbus communication failure? --- ## [Why is Reactive Power Essential in Power Systems?](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-is-reactive-power-essential-in-power-systems/14263)
**Author:** [@TSRS](https://forumautomation.com/u/TSRS)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [October 13, 2026, 4:45pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-is-reactive-power-essential-in-power-systems/14263 "2026-10-13T16:45:11Z")
Why is Reactive Power Essential in Power Systems? Reference Image Provided by the Respondent --- ## [What is an MCC Panel? What are its Main Components?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-an-mcc-panel-what-are-its-main-components/14501)
**Author:** [@TSRS](https://forumautomation.com/u/TSRS)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 13, 2026, 4:40pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-an-mcc-panel-what-are-its-main-components/14501 "2026-10-13T16:40:42Z")
What is an MCC Panel? What are its Main Components? An MCC (Motor Control Center) panel is an assembly used to control, protect, and distribute power to multiple electric motors and their associated equipment in an indus… --- ## [Why do we use Three-Phase Power instead of just One Phase?](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-do-we-use-three-phase-power-instead-of-just-one-phase/14500)
**Author:** [@TSRS](https://forumautomation.com/u/TSRS)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 13, 2026, 4:32pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-do-we-use-three-phase-power-instead-of-just-one-phase/14500 "2026-10-13T16:32:42Z")
Why do we use Three-Phase Power instead of just One Phase? Three main reasons: 1). Smoother Power Delivery Balanced three-phase power provides constant total instantaneous power under ideal conditions. 2). Less Conduct… [Previous page](https://forumautomation.com/latest.md) [Next page](https://forumautomation.com/latest.md?page=2)