# Industrial Automation **URL:** https://forumautomation.com/c/industrial-automation/7.md [Latest](https://forumautomation.com/latest.md) · [Categories](https://forumautomation.com/categories.md) · [Tags](https://forumautomation.com/tags.md) --- ## [Difference between PLC and DCS](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-plc-and-dcs/4286)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [August 2, 2018, 3:09pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-plc-and-dcs/4286 "2018-08-02T15:09:24Z")
What are the PLC and DCS? PLC definition: A digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a programming memory for the internal storage of instructions for implementing specific functions such as logic, sequencing,… --- ## [Loop Checking procedure](https://forumautomation.com/t/loop-checking-procedure/3696)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [May 25, 2018, 2:39pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/loop-checking-procedure/3696 "2018-05-25T14:39:39Z")
Loop check is the process of confirming the components of the control loop is working correctly. Loop checking is done only after the completion of cable laying and all installations and before commissioning. The loop c… --- ## [Cold loop checking and Hot loop checking](https://forumautomation.com/t/cold-loop-checking-and-hot-loop-checking/3142)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [February 14, 2018, 5:54pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/cold-loop-checking-and-hot-loop-checking/3142 "2018-02-14T17:54:33Z")
Control loop: The control loop is consist of all the elements necessary to move the final control elements. Each control loop has a specific purpose to control different parameters in the process. A controller gives… --- ## [Comparison between P, PI, PD and PID controllers](https://forumautomation.com/t/comparison-between-p-pi-pd-and-pid-controllers/4922)
**Author:** [@divyasree](https://forumautomation.com/u/divyasree)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 12, 2018, 8:50pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/comparison-between-p-pi-pd-and-pid-controllers/4922 "2018-10-12T20:50:56Z")
A review on the composite controllers along with the proportional controller Considering a unit negative feedback system, with Setpoint - R(S) , Output - C(S) Error signal - E(s) = R(S) - C(S) Manipulated signal - M… --- ## [HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer)](https://forumautomation.com/t/hart-highway-addressable-remote-transducer/204)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [September 6, 2024, 5:09pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/hart-highway-addressable-remote-transducer/204 "2024-09-06T17:09:57Z")
HART is a communication protocol used for industrial process measurement and control applications. HART is a hybrid protocol. Analog + Digital communication. HART Analog Communications -use industry standard 4-20 mA sign… --- ## [Interview Question : What is OPC? Basic concept of OPC (OLE for process control )](https://forumautomation.com/t/interview-question-what-is-opc-basic-concept-of-opc-ole-for-process-control/301)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [March 9, 2015, 8:29pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/interview-question-what-is-opc-basic-concept-of-opc-ole-for-process-control/301 "2015-03-09T20:29:15Z")
What is OPC (OLE for Process control )? OPC is an industry standard created in collaboration of a number of worldwide leading automation hardware and software manufacturing in cooperation with Microsoft.The standard cre… --- ## [Top 7 Trends in Industrial automation, 2019](https://forumautomation.com/t/top-7-trends-in-industrial-automation-2019/6639)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [July 1, 2019, 6:30pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/top-7-trends-in-industrial-automation-2019/6639 "2019-07-01T18:30:26Z")
Since the introduction of Automation in industrial &manufacturing sector increased and eased production at less cost. After several decades of improvements in automation technology, in the last couple of years we have… --- ## [Instrument HOOK- UP drawing basics](https://forumautomation.com/t/instrument-hook-up-drawing-basics/3678)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [May 30, 2018, 3:57am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/instrument-hook-up-drawing-basics/3678 "2018-05-30T03:57:47Z")
What is hook-up drawing? Hook up drawing provides a detailed description of the installation of the instruments in the correct way, from the tapping point in the process line up to the sensing instrument. The Hook-up dr… --- ## [Working of PID control](https://forumautomation.com/t/working-of-pid-control/2758)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [December 3, 2017, 9:01pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/working-of-pid-control/2758 "2017-12-03T21:01:55Z")
PID control is closed loop control system used widely in industrial automation. PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative control. PID control is the combination of these three controllers. Conventional ON/OFF con… --- ## [4 wire and 2 wire transmitter current loops](https://forumautomation.com/t/4-wire-and-2-wire-transmitter-current-loops/2717)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [January 28, 2020, 11:22am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/4-wire-and-2-wire-transmitter-current-loops/2717 "2020-01-28T11:22:38Z")
Current loops are used in industrial automation to communicate the process measurement information from the transmitter to the controller such as indicators, alarms, PLCs. Different transmitters needed different types of… --- ## [How to read a P&ID diagram?](https://forumautomation.com/t/how-to-read-a-p-id-diagram/4366)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 30, 2025, 2:27pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/how-to-read-a-p-id-diagram/4366 "2025-06-30T14:27:25Z")
P&ID stands for Piping and Instrumentation Diagram or Drawing. PID play a crucial role in the design and engineering of process plants and piping systems. P&IDs are schematic diagrams that contain engineering and design … --- ## [Functional Elements of an Instrument](https://forumautomation.com/t/functional-elements-of-an-instrument/3751)
**Author:** [@AbhimanyuMWarrier](https://forumautomation.com/u/AbhimanyuMWarrier)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [June 1, 2018, 3:42pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/functional-elements-of-an-instrument/3751 "2018-06-01T15:42:45Z")
WHAT IS AN INSTRUMENT? An instrument is a device that is used to measure and control physical and chemical properties of materials. An instrument converts the parameter that we need to measure into a readable format. … --- ## [Type of controller (P, PI, PID) is preferred for the process control loops](https://forumautomation.com/t/type-of-controller-p-pi-pid-is-preferred-for-the-process-control-loops/105)
**Author:** [@instrumen](https://forumautomation.com/u/instrumen)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 3, 2014, 12:54pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/type-of-controller-p-pi-pid-is-preferred-for-the-process-control-loops/105 "2014-10-03T12:54:17Z")
a) Pressure b) Level c) Flow d) Temperature Pressure: If the load change is minimum, then a proportional controller is suitable. If a frequent load change is expected then a Proportional + Integral controller is prefe… --- ## [Free industrial automation and PLC programming ebooks & pdf](https://forumautomation.com/t/free-industrial-automation-and-plc-programming-ebooks-pdf/4720)
**Author:** [@rajeena](https://forumautomation.com/u/rajeena)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [September 22, 2018, 2:18pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/free-industrial-automation-and-plc-programming-ebooks-pdf/4720 "2018-09-22T14:18:36Z")
Free industrial automation and PLC programming ebooks & pdf Industrial Automation simply means making use of the control systems in places such as computers, robots, and information technology tools, and control strategi… --- ## [What are the advantages of PLC over relay logic?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-advantages-of-plc-over-relay-logic/840)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [April 6, 2026, 10:43am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-advantages-of-plc-over-relay-logic/840 "2026-04-06T10:43:51Z")
PLC advantages compared to electro mechanical relays 1.Ability to interface / communicate with computers 2.Simple programming 3.High reliability 4.Easy maintenance 5.Rugged construction - can operate in extremely ha… --- ## [Difference between PLC and DCS?](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-plc-and-dcs/194)
**Author:** [@instrumen](https://forumautomation.com/u/instrumen)\ **Replies:** 7\ **Last updated:** [March 15, 2024, 10:37am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/difference-between-plc-and-dcs/194 "2024-03-15T10:37:32Z")
Difference between PLC and DCS --- ## [Basics of smart transmitters](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-smart-transmitters/3030)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [January 25, 2018, 7:24pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-smart-transmitters/3030 "2018-01-25T19:24:04Z")
What is a Smart transmitter? Smart transmitters are microprocessor-based transmitters that can perform calculations, produce diagnostics. They are useful in remote area communication and calibration process. The sensor… --- ## [Top 10 Automation Companies in the World](https://forumautomation.com/t/top-10-automation-companies-in-the-world/9894)
**Author:** [@Ajmal\_ismail](https://forumautomation.com/u/Ajmal_ismail)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 4, 2021, 5:09am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/top-10-automation-companies-in-the-world/9894 "2021-10-04T05:09:48Z")
Industrial automation is mostly used to ease work and to operate in hazardous environments where humans cannot. This is why they have risen to prominence in several businesses. The following are the top ten industria… --- ## [What are Proximity sensors? Types of proximity sensors and it's advantages and disadvantages](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-proximity-sensors-types-of-proximity-sensors-and-its-advantages-and-disadvantages/2658)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [November 16, 2017, 7:09pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-proximity-sensors-types-of-proximity-sensors-and-its-advantages-and-disadvantages/2658 "2017-11-16T19:09:53Z")
Proximity sensors are devices that are used to sense the presence of an object without physical contact. Proximity sensor uses different principles to sense objects. Such sensor is used an object should be sensed thro… --- ## [P&ID symbols for level and flow measurement devices](https://forumautomation.com/t/p-id-symbols-for-level-and-flow-measurement-devices/2869)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [December 23, 2017, 7:07pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/p-id-symbols-for-level-and-flow-measurement-devices/2869 "2017-12-23T19:07:38Z")
Symbols for level measurement devices: Symbols for flow measurement devices: --- ## [What is feedback and feedforward control system?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-feedback-and-feedforward-control-system/2454)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [February 21, 2018, 7:36am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-feedback-and-feedforward-control-system/2454 "2018-02-21T07:36:18Z")
Feedback control system: A feedback system measures a value in a process and reacts to the change in the value measured. The output of the process is measured with the help of a sensor and the sensor value is given t… --- ## [Differences between RS232 , RS422 and RS485](https://forumautomation.com/t/differences-between-rs232-rs422-and-rs485/391)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [April 12, 2015, 1:09am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/differences-between-rs232-rs422-and-rs485/391 "2015-04-12T01:09:50Z")
what are the differences between RS 232 , RS485 , RS232 For understanding the difference between RS2332 , RS485 and Rs 232 it is essential to understand Single ended Transmission or Balanced Differential Transmission or… --- ## [What is Floating Control mode?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-floating-control-mode/1449)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 17, 2016, 4:49am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-floating-control-mode/1449 "2016-10-17T04:49:29Z")
The floating control mode is another kind of discontinuous controller action. Floating control is a special application of two-position control.In this mode,when the process variable increases above the deadband,the con… --- ## [Intrinsic safety Barriers - Active barriers and Passive barriers, advantages and limitations](https://forumautomation.com/t/intrinsic-safety-barriers-active-barriers-and-passive-barriers-advantages-and-limitations/5548)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [December 22, 2018, 11:29am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/intrinsic-safety-barriers-active-barriers-and-passive-barriers-advantages-and-limitations/5548 "2018-12-22T11:29:58Z")
What are Intrinsic Safety Barriers? Safety barriers are protective devices that work to limit energy to the field within the minimum ignition level of the hazardous mixture. Barriers must be used to interconnect electri… --- ## [RTU (Remote Control Unit) basics](https://forumautomation.com/t/rtu-remote-control-unit-basics/4293)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [August 3, 2018, 3:16pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/rtu-remote-control-unit-basics/4293 "2018-08-03T15:16:01Z")
What is the RTU? RTU, Remote Control Unit is an electronic device that is used in industrial control systems such as DCS and SCADA. It is a microprocessor-based device, works as a standalone data acquisition and control … --- ## [What is cascade control loop? Advantages of the cascade control loop](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-cascade-control-loop-advantages-of-the-cascade-control-loop/2423)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [February 26, 2018, 10:12am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-cascade-control-loop-advantages-of-the-cascade-control-loop/2423 "2018-02-26T10:12:11Z")
Cascade control loop is simply a cascade of two single control loop. Cascade control is used for process with slow dynamics like tempreture, level, humidity. Cascade control can be usefully applied to any process where … --- ## [Basics of SCADA ( Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ) Advantages and Disadvantages](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-scada-supervisory-control-and-data-acquisition-advantages-and-disadvantages/414)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [May 3, 2015, 6:00am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-scada-supervisory-control-and-data-acquisition-advantages-and-disadvantages/414 "2015-05-03T06:00:59Z")
Whats SCADA ? SCADA stands for Supervisory control and data acquisition. SCADA is not a specific technology or protocol but refers to any application where data is collected from a system in order to control that system … --- ## [Basics of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-plc-programmable-logic-controller/912)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [January 28, 2020, 10:43am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-plc-programmable-logic-controller/912 "2020-01-28T10:43:47Z")
What is Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Digital Computer usually used for electromechanical processes (i.e control of assembly lines,process control etc…) Program used to control machine operation are stored in bat… --- ## [Comparison between Hydraulic and Pneumatic control system](https://forumautomation.com/t/comparison-between-hydraulic-and-pneumatic-control-system/6540)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [June 12, 2019, 6:27pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/comparison-between-hydraulic-and-pneumatic-control-system/6540 "2019-06-12T18:27:03Z")
Pneumatic control system: In the pneumatic system, pressurized gas is used to actuate instruments. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen and high pressure air are the gasses most commonly used for this control. Gases are high p… --- ## [Operational Historian SCADA - basics](https://forumautomation.com/t/operational-historian-scada-basics/3847)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [June 12, 2018, 12:50pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/operational-historian-scada-basics/3847 "2018-06-12T12:50:21Z")
What is an Operational historian? The operational historian or data historian is a software program or a set of time-series database applications that stores and retrieve process data. It stores data in time series and… --- ## [What are the fuctions of SCADA?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-fuctions-of-scada/5479)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [May 10, 2019, 9:39am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-fuctions-of-scada/5479 "2019-05-10T09:39:17Z")
SCADA carries out the supervision, protection and automatic control of various equipment in distribution systems with the use of intelligent electronic devices (or RTU). Restores the power service during the fault con… --- ## [What is virtual instrumentation?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-virtual-instrumentation/4850)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 5, 2018, 4:33pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-virtual-instrumentation/4850 "2018-10-05T16:33:48Z")
What is virtual instrumentation? Virtual instrumentation uses customisable software and measurement hardware to create user-defined measurement systems, called virtual instruments. With virtual instrumentation, engineers… --- ## [What are the difference between DCS and SCADA?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-difference-between-dcs-and-scada/9806)
**Author:** [@Ajmal\_ismail](https://forumautomation.com/u/Ajmal_ismail)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [September 1, 2021, 5:49am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-are-the-difference-between-dcs-and-scada/9806 "2021-09-01T05:49:42Z")
Difference Between DCS and SCADA What is DCS? DCS stands for Digital Controlled System, and it is also called as Distributed Control System. It is considered as the brain of the control system. The DCS is a control sy… --- ## [4-20mA transmitter - basic](https://forumautomation.com/t/4-20ma-transmitter-basic/4524)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [September 1, 2018, 6:10pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/4-20ma-transmitter-basic/4524 "2018-09-01T18:10:13Z")
There are several devices used in the industry, which convert mechanical quantities into electrical quantities. The mechanical magnitudes can be converted into the most varied forms, or electrical magnitudes, which we ca… --- ## [Basics of SCADA system and it's application](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-scada-system-and-its-application/2817)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [October 15, 2021, 10:00am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/basics-of-scada-system-and-its-application/2817 "2021-10-15T10:00:18Z")
SCADA is Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition is a software application program for process control, which refers to do both Data acquisition and Communication interface. SCADA is a central control system which cons… --- ## [What is an Industrial PC and what is its purpose of it?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-an-industrial-pc-and-what-is-its-purpose-of-it/10098)
**Author:** [@Ajmal\_ismail](https://forumautomation.com/u/Ajmal_ismail)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [January 4, 2022, 5:11am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-an-industrial-pc-and-what-is-its-purpose-of-it/10098 "2022-01-04T05:11:10Z")
What is industrial automation? Automation is the technology used to reduce the workload of humans by using various kinds of machines. Basically, we can define automation as the process of controlling various devices by … --- ## [WHY SHOULD WE USE DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-should-we-use-distributed-control-system/6519)
**Author:** [@ashlin](https://forumautomation.com/u/ashlin)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 12, 2019, 4:31pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/why-should-we-use-distributed-control-system/6519 "2019-06-12T16:31:07Z")
WHAT IS A DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM A distributed control system provides an automation platform for controlling the operation inside a plant and it has a control system with better efficiency and control An important… --- ## [What is control system? Open loop and Closed loop control system](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-control-system-open-loop-and-closed-loop-control-system/5292)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [November 23, 2018, 5:02pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-control-system-open-loop-and-closed-loop-control-system/5292 "2018-11-23T17:02:22Z")
What is control system? Systems that have the ability to regulate and stop a process to get the output as desired is called “Control System” And in general a control system is a collection of electric/electronic equipmen… --- ## [Modbus communication: Wiring diagram for conversion of RS-485 2 wire to 4 wire](https://forumautomation.com/t/modbus-communication-wiring-diagram-for-conversion-of-rs-485-2-wire-to-4-wire/444)
**Author:** [@instrumen](https://forumautomation.com/u/instrumen)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [June 14, 2018, 11:07pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/modbus-communication-wiring-diagram-for-conversion-of-rs-485-2-wire-to-4-wire/444 "2018-06-14T23:07:23Z")
Modbus communication: Wiring diagram for conversion of RS-485 2 wire to 4 wire. --- ## [P&ID diagram for Basic Air supply system and it's operation](https://forumautomation.com/t/p-id-diagram-for-basic-air-supply-system-and-its-operation/2587)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [November 5, 2017, 8:07pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/p-id-diagram-for-basic-air-supply-system-and-its-operation/2587 "2017-11-05T20:07:36Z")
The pneumatic instrument in an industry needed a clean and sufficient air supply for their operation. An air supply system will be implemented in all industries to achieve this task consisting of an air compressor and ot… --- ## [Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital control system](https://forumautomation.com/t/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-digital-control-system/4139)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [July 17, 2018, 5:37pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-digital-control-system/4139 "2018-07-17T17:37:38Z")
Advantages of Digital control: It gives better resolution Coding of digital signal and digital communication: The entry of digital control to the industrial scenario was chiefly through the big process industries… --- ## [P&ID diagram for Boiler](https://forumautomation.com/t/p-id-diagram-for-boiler/5838)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [February 2, 2019, 3:07pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/p-id-diagram-for-boiler/5838 "2019-02-02T15:07:27Z")
We have to know the process of boiler before looking into the P&ID diagram. The main system commonly found in all types of boiler manufacturing is: Steam drum Downcomer Furnace Separator / cyclone Backpass / Heat Recov… --- ## [Data Acquisition System (DAQ or DAS)](https://forumautomation.com/t/data-acquisition-system-daq-or-das/3135)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [February 13, 2018, 6:59pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/data-acquisition-system-daq-or-das/3135 "2018-02-13T18:59:11Z")
What is Data Acquisition? The Data Acquisition is the process of sampling signal that measures real-world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric value that can be manipulated by a… --- ## [What's the difference between cold loop test and hot loop test?](https://forumautomation.com/t/whats-the-difference-between-cold-loop-test-and-hot-loop-test/2404)
**Author:** [@abdo2013](https://forumautomation.com/u/abdo2013)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 7, 2017, 2:20pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/whats-the-difference-between-cold-loop-test-and-hot-loop-test/2404 "2017-10-07T14:20:34Z")
1.Cold Loop Check This is an electrical continuity check to confirm wiring integrity from control panel’s terminal block to the field instrument. Please note that field cabling starts from field instrument and goes throu… --- ## [Process Variables: Definition & Units](https://forumautomation.com/t/process-variables-definition-units/35)
**Author:** [@aneez](https://forumautomation.com/u/aneez)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [September 27, 2014, 7:14pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/process-variables-definition-units/35 "2014-09-27T19:14:00Z")
Process Variables are: • Flow. • Pressure. • Temperature. • Level. • Quality i.e. % O2, CO2, pH etc. Flow: Any fluids or liquids flowing from one place to another place is called flow and it is defined as volume per uni… --- ## [What is HMI (Human Machine Interface)?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-hmi-human-machine-interface/4272)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [April 8, 2025, 9:58am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-hmi-human-machine-interface/4272 "2025-04-08T09:58:47Z")
\[color=#1E00A3\] HMI \[/color\] is Human Machine Interface designed for industrial applications. We can think of HMI systems as a “window” of a process. This window can be on special devices such as operator panels or on a … --- ## [Boiler level control system](https://forumautomation.com/t/boiler-level-control-system/2730)
**Author:** [@sivaranjith](https://forumautomation.com/u/sivaranjith)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [March 22, 2018, 2:34pm UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/boiler-level-control-system/2730 "2018-03-22T14:34:58Z")
Steam power is very important in industries, steam power is used to doing mechanical work. Steam is made in industries simply by boiling water in a boiler. So boilers are considered to be one of the main equipment in ind… --- ## [Top Common causes of PLC Control System Failure](https://forumautomation.com/t/top-common-causes-of-plc-control-system-failure/8902)
**Author:** [@Ajmal\_ismail](https://forumautomation.com/u/Ajmal_ismail)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [December 3, 2020, 11:17am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/top-common-causes-of-plc-control-system-failure/8902 "2020-12-03T11:17:26Z")
The programmable Logic Control, shortly called as PLC, was first designed by an American Mechanical engineer Dick Morley on January 1st of 1968. PLC were first developed to reduce the work load of an employee in autom… --- ## [What is relay timer?](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-relay-timer/861)
**Author:** [@denizen](https://forumautomation.com/u/denizen)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [March 15, 2016, 3:35am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/what-is-relay-timer/861 "2016-03-15T03:35:32Z")
Relay Timers Timing relay has device that delays the immediate activation or deactivation of the armature when power is applied to or removed from the relay (or both) Older units used pneumatic/fluid cylinder or motor/… --- ## [PLC / DCS Maintenance Log](https://forumautomation.com/t/plc-dcs-maintenance-log/6050)
**Author:** [@Sajid](https://forumautomation.com/u/Sajid)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [March 10, 2019, 4:07am UTC](https://forumautomation.com/t/plc-dcs-maintenance-log/6050 "2019-03-10T04:07:43Z")
PLC Maintenance Log PLC/DCS maintenance log will help you to track the past failures, solutions, part replacement. If the same problem repeats in the future, the track log will help you to resolve it immediately. The r… [Next page](https://forumautomation.com/c/industrial-automation/7.md?page=1&per_page=50)